Snakes Coloring Book for Kids: Reptilian Drawing Book for Child of All Ages | Gift Idea for Childrens and Toddlers Who Like Animals!

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Lovich, J. E., Ennen, J. R., Agha, M. & Gibbons, J. W. Where have all the turtles gone, and why does it matter? Bioscience 68, 771–781 (2018). Roll, U. et al. The global distribution of tetrapods reveals a need for targeted reptile conservation. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 1, 1677–1682 (2017). Tell al-Ubaid is a small tell discovered near Ur in southern Iraq. (David Stanley / CC BY 3.0) Discovering Ubaid Lizardmen Figurines at Tell Al’Ubaid Meiri, S. & Chapple, D. G. Biases in the current knowledge of threat status in lizards, and bridging the ‘assessment gap’. Biol. Conserv. 204, 6–15 (2016). Start by sketching out the basic shape of the reptile with a pencil. Try to get the proportions as accurate as possible. Then, begin adding in the details like the eyes, mouth, and any patterns on the skin.

Maritz, B. et al. Identifying global priorities for the conservation of vipers. Biol. Conserv. 204, 94–102 (2016). Böhm, M. et al. Hot and bothered: using trait-based approaches to assess climate change vulnerability in reptiles. Biol. Conserv. 204, 32–41 (2016). Thuiller, W. et al. Consequences of climate change on the tree of life in Europe. Nature 470, 531–534 (2011).Forest, F. et al. Preserving the evolutionary potential of floras in biodiversity hotspots. Nature 445, 757–760 (2007). Two existing metrics for mapping irreplaceable PD: PE and EDR (Supplementary Table 1) are highly correlated for reptiles globally (spatially corrected correlation: r = 0.975, e.d.f. = 537, p ≪ 0.0001) and both are highly correlated with the non-phylogenetic measure of Weighted Endemism (WE; both r> 0.93; Supplementary Fig. 3). Because PE takes into account the spatial complementarity of species distributions—whereas EDR does not—we think that PE better reflects the impacts of landscape-level threats than EDR and therefore employ PE in our analyses accounting for human pressure hereafter (see Methods). Once you’re happy with your drawing, go ahead and add some color. You can use whatever colors you like, but it’s often best to stay within a natural color palette. This will help your reptile look more realistic. To determine the extent of human pressure on regions of irreplaceable reptilian diversity, we explored the relationship between the Human Footprint index 42 and reptilian PE globally. We find that PE and Human Footprint are positively correlated globally (spatially corrected correlation: r = 0.16, e.d.f. = 514.011, p< 0.001). Regions containing the two highest pressure categories (‘high’ and ‘very high’, with Human Footprint ≥ 6 and ≥ 12, respectively 42) harbour significantly greater amounts of reptilian PE than categories of lower human pressure (Tukey HSD < 0.05). To test whether regions of high PE are coincident with high human pressure at greater levels than we would expect if human pressure was distributed randomly across the global distributions of reptiles, we followed Venter et al. 42 by selecting the richest 10% of grid cells for reptilian PE (hereafter‘high value grid cells’) and calculated the proportion of these high value grid cells that are also deemed to be under high or very high human pressure (Human Footprint ≥ 6) 42. We then redistributed observed Human Footprint values at random across all terrestrial grid cells in which reptiles occur and recalculated the proportion of high value grid cells now considered to be under high or very high human pressure. We repeated this randomisation 1000 times to generate a distribution of randomised overlap scores for comparison with the observed proportion of overlap.

HIPE is correlated with standard PE for reptiles across all grid cells globally (spatially corrected correlation: r = 0.978, e.d.f. = 448, p ≪ 0.0001; Supplementary Fig. 3), despite individual grid cell values differing from PE by up to 165% (median = 6%). When we compare the spatial distribution of grid cells comprising the richest 10% of global reptilian PE (Fig. 3a) with those comprising the richest 10% of HIPE (darkest red grid cells, Fig. 3b), there is a 90.4% overlap in grid cell coverage. Of the 10% of richest HIPE grid cells 51% increase in importance relative to PE, including 130 grid cells (9.6%) that are not present in the richest 10% of PE grid cells. Wes Penre from Oregon claims that his reptilian encounter began when he woke up one night and noticed that the room had suddenly turned icy cold. As he fully awoke, he realized that he couldn’t move and was paralyzed in his bed. Then, Penre noticed an extremely muscular, green humanoid with red eyes in the room with him. Center for Biodiversity and Global Change, Yale University, 165 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA As HIPE redistributes PD to regions of lower pressure, grid cells under very high human pressure cannot have a HIPE/PE ratio greater than 1 as they cannot receive additional PD from grid cells under greater human pressure. Conversely, grid cells under no human pressure cannot have a HIPE/PE ratio lower than 1, as they can only gain PD when it is redistributed based on human pressure. We therefore partitioned global patterns of reptilian HIPE into two components: (1) regions under very high human pressure (HF ≥ 12) where the HIPE/PE ratio approaches 1, indicating an overwhelming proportion of the PD found in those grid cells is restricted to regions under very high human pressure and does not also occur in regions under lower human pressure; and (2) regions under no human pressure (HF = 0) wherethe HIPE/PE ratio approaches 1, indicating the vast majority of PD present in those grid cells is restricted to regions under no human pressure. As the proportions of total species with phylogenetic and spatial data available varies across tetrapod clades (i.e. amphibians are less well represented in the phylogeny than other clades; Supplementary Table 2), we repeated our calculations of global HIPE values using phylogenetic trees for each clade that had been rarefied at random to match the 75.5% of species completeness observed in our amphibian data. For birds, mammals and lepidosaurs, for which we had a distribution of phylogenetic trees, we randomly removed the required number of species to reach as close to 75.5% of total clade richness as possible once from each of the 100 phylogenetic trees and recalculated HIPE. For turtles and crocodilians, for which we had a single consensus phylogenetic tree, we randomly dropped the required number of species from the full phylogenetic tree 100 times to generate a 100-tree distribution of species compositions and recalculated HIPE.

full of the habitations of cruelty." - PSALMS 74:20 Some interesting stats are available publically - Our combined measure of human pressure and PE, HIPE, is an extension of standard PE which, rather than distributing the PD of phylogenetic branches evenly across space, distributes PD in relation to the level of human pressure exerted across the distribution (i.e., is weighted against highly impacted areas; Fig. 1, Supplementary Table 1). Consequently, branches distributed across grid cells of both high and low human pressure will have a larger proportion of their PD allocated to grid cells with lower human pressure, under the assumption that grid cells under lower human pressure are more valuable (and favourable) for species persistence. Faith, D. P. Threatened species and the potential loss of phylogenetic diversity: conservation scenarios based on estimated extinction probabilities and phylogenetic risk analysis. Conserv. Biol. 22, 1461–1470 (2008). Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department, Yale University, 165 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA Sightings of UFOs have been reported for decades, and photographs of aliens and spaceships are, if not 10-a-penny, then commonplace. MacDonald, though, is only aware of a single example of a photograph supposedly taken not of an alien but by one: an amiable creature from outer space called Rama, the protagonist of a little-known abduction case that supposedly occurred in the Brazilian city of Botucatu in the 1980s.

When it comes to drawing reptiles, one of the most important things to keep in mind is their body shape and proportions. In this article, we’ll show you how to sketch the basic body shape and proportions of a reptile, so you can get started on your own reptile drawings!

To account for this, we elected to use pre-defined categories of human pressure derived from these general stratifications in our global analyses. One option was to develop a novel categorisation of the data derived from Allan et al.’s 50 stratification (e.g. Human Footprint scores lower than 3 = lowest human pressure, a score of 3 = low pressure, 4 = ‘pasture’ or equivalent, 5–6 = high pressure, 7 = agriculture or equivalent, and 8–50 = highly modified landscapes). However, rather than establishing a new categorisation scheme for our analyses we adopted that of Venter et al. 42 who used biologically relevant stratifications to partition 51 levels of Human Footprint (0–50) into five broad categories of human pressure, for use in global analyses incorporating biodiversity data. Each of these categories is defined as: “no pressure” (HF = 0), “low pressure” (HF = 1–2), “moderate pressure” (HF = 3–5), “high pressure” (HF = 6–11), and “very high pressure” (HF ≥ 12) 42, and represents approximately 20% of the earth’s terrestrial surface. Similarly, HITE scores of Data Deficient tetrapods (median = 7.2 ×10 −4 MY −1 km 2) are higher than those of Least Concern (6.3 ×10 −6 MY −1 km 2), Near Threatened (6.7 ×10 −5 MY −1 km 2) and Vulnerable species (2.0 ×10 −4 MY −1 km 2; adjusted p-values from ANOVA and Tukey HSD < 0.001), and are comparable to those of Endangered (6.9 ×10 −4 MY −1 km 2) and Critically Endangered species (9.5 ×10 −4 MY −1 km 2; adjusted p-values from ANOVA and Tukey HSD > 0.05; Fig. 5b). This indicates that Data Deficient species are similarly irreplaceable, have similarly small ranges, and are under comparable levels of human pressure as threatened species. Within Data Deficient species, amphibians have the highest HITE scores (median = 1.5 ×10 −3 MY −1 km 2), followed by lepidosaurs (4.7 ×10 −4 MY −1 km 2; lizards = 5.5 ×10 −4 MY −1 km 2, snakes = 3.8 ×10 −4 MY −1 km 2; Fig. 5c).

When a branch is distributed entirely across grid cells with the same level of human pressure (e.g. very high pressure; see Methods), its PD is divided equally amongst each grid cell under both HIPE and PE. However, when a branch is distributed across grid cells of differing human pressure, the grid cells with lower human pressure receive a greater proportion of the branch’s PD under HIPE than they do under PE. Conversely, grid cells in the distribution with higher human pressure (e.g. very high) receive a smaller proportion of the branch’s PD under HIPE than they do under PE. Daru, B. H. et al. Spatial overlaps between the global protected areas network and terrestrial hotspots of evolutionary diversity. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 28, 757–766 (2019). There are several methods available for mapping imperiled PD 8, 10, 22, 33, 34 and, in lieu of explicit extinction risk data, range-restricted species have often been used to identify regions of high conservation value 8, 22. Phylogenetic endemism (PE) 8 and evolutionary distinctiveness rarity (EDR) 22 weight branches of the phylogeny by the range sizes of the descendant species to identify regions containing large amounts of PD restricted to small areas. These methods prioritise highly irreplaceable regions but do not incorporate spatial measures of vulnerability, such as human impact, limiting their practical application in conservation planning 35, 36. Unfortunately, while range data are now available for 99% of reptiles 32, up-to-date extinction risk data (i.e. published in the past 10 years 29, 37) are not yetavailable for all reptile species 29. Without comprehensive extinction risk assessments for all reptiles, range data can be combined with environmental data to determine spatial vulnerability 38, 39, 40.Start by drawing a basic outline of the reptile’s body. Then, add the legs, tail, and head. Be sure to make the head slightly larger than the body.